Zane Berge is now at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County
berge@umbc2.umbc.edu
Electronic Discussion Groups
Zane L. Berge, Ph.D.
Director, Center for Teaching and Technology
Academic Computer Center
Georgetown University
238 Reiss Science
Washington DC 20057
Phone: 202-687-6096
FAX: 202-687-6003
Email: BERGE@GUVAX.GEORGETOWN.EDU
Abstract
Electronic discussion groups are playing an increasing role
within the information culture. Electronic discussion groups
(DG) often serve as powerful tools in the retrieval and
exchanging of information, bringing together persons with similar
interests regardless of geographic distance or the time
constraints dictated by face-to-face meetings. The focus of this
article is to characterize global, electronic DGs. Secondly, the
article offers some helpful tips for those new to using LISTSERV
lists and Usenet News.
Keywords: Electronic discussion group; Usenet; LISTSERV;
computer-mediated communications
INTRODUCTION
On and off college campuses, computer use is increasing
throughout the world. Computer-aided instruction, computer-
managed instruction, word processing, spreadsheets, graphics,
electronic registration for classes, student advising, course
scheduling, library catalogs, admissions screening services and
student record keeping are among the many applications that
utilize computers. Moreover, computers merged with
telecommunications systems allow people to communicate
interpersonally--to carry on discussion with persons around the
campus or the world.
Discussion and communication among people serves many
purposes: play, entertainment, learning and working. If you know
how to send and receive email, you can be a part of electronic
discussions via mailing lists and BBSs throughout the world.
This is quite a bit like having a multiple subscriptions to
magazines or newspapers that are delivered several times a day.
The focus of this article is to characterize global,
electronic discussion groups (DG). Secondly, the article offers
some helpful tips for those new to using LISTSERV lists and
Usenet News. While thousands of DGs are set up for recreation
and fun, this article speaks more to DGs used for scholarly
discussion. In any case, the how-tos do not generally change
regardless of the DG's content.
Electronic Discussion Groups
Mailing lists are simply a database of email addresses. The
Interpersonal Computing and Technology discussion list is known
as IPCT-L. IPCT-L is managed by LISTSERV software installed on
an IBM mainframe at Georgetown UNIVERSITY. That machine's name
is GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU. To send messages to other readers of
IPCT-L, you would use IPCT-L@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU as an address.
To subscribe, unsubscribe or change your mail options, you talk
to LISTSERV about the list. Messages of such an administrative
nature are addressed to LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU.
Whenever a message is sent to the address of the list, the
message is automatically distributed to every address in its
database. When you receive a message from the mailing list, you
can treat it as all other email--delete it, read it or store it,
or respond to it. If you respond to it, everyone else on the
mailing list receives your response. The result appears as
sequential conversation that is viewed by everyone signed up to
that list.
Computer conferencing rests within the general category of
computer-mediated communications (Berge and Collins, 1993) which
in turn includes electronic discussion groups. An electronic
discussion group is formed by persons interested exchanging ideas
by means of an electronic mailing list or bulletin board. There
are thousands of existing DGs, and that number grows daily
ranging in content from astrology to zoology.
Scholarly Discussion Groups
Scholarly discussion groups (SDG) provide a forum in which
ideas can be articulated more clearly. Further, scholarly
discussion is a way to create shared meaning among the
participants, a way to try out new ideas and reflect on the
inconsistencies and observations others make, and a way to
discover multiple or varying perspectives on an issue of
interest. In short, discussion that leads to creation or trying
out or discovery suggests the presence of a process that may lead
to change--to reaching a collective, dialogical wisdom.
Through discussion it is often possible to change one's own
opinion, or the opinions of others, and include more than one
individual's point-of-view. In many ways, DGs can work along
similar lines as "invisible colleges," or professional conventions
and journals. It is one venue that allows you to propose ideas in
a tentative way, and receive feedback from others who collectively
have a wide range of experiences and skills, both within and
outside your specific field.
DIFFERING TYPES OF DISCUSSION GROUPS
Local or Global
DGs can be set up with various distribution levels. An
example of a local discussion group would be one set up on a
campus or campus system for instructional purposes within the
system. This type of local DG can be beneficial in meeting
instructional objectives that are typical for group discussions.
For example, Phillips and Santoro (1989) examined a course that
was redesigned so that students conducted their group discussion
work via computer-mediated communication. Among their findings
were that student contacted the instructors more frequently than
before using DGs, students reported high levels of approval, and
that the group met the instructional objects as well as, or
better than, courses taught before using electronic discussion
groups. However, the focus of this article is on the world-wide
discussion groups.
Differing Structures -- LISTSERV Lists and Usenet News
Two major types of global or wide area DGs are LISTSERV
Lists and Usenet News. Each of these has a different structure.
With a LISTSERV managed list, you will receive each post to each
list you are subscribed to as a private email message into your
own mailbox. The messages are carried by the Internet--a
worldwide network of networked computers which conveys many
different types of files and documents. Usenet being only one of
them. With Usenet messages, instead of the mail coming to your
individual mailbox, each posting is routed to a news reader that
is carried by the college or organization with which you are
affiliated (or by you!).
LISTSERV Lists
The basic idea here is that you can send a mail message to
another user via the Internet and it is delivered to his/her
mailbox. If you want to send a message to more than one person,
you can set up a mailing list, (sometimes called an alias).
These aliases can be administered by a person manually, or by
automatic programs. One of the most common mailing list
administration programs is called LISTSERV, (for list server).
Revised LISTSERV is a software program that was written by
Eric Thomas in 1986. It revised the first version written by
Educom for the IBM and installed at the Bitnet Network
Information Center (BITNIC). The revisions made the program
useable by VAX/VMS and UNIX systems, automated much of the list
management making the listowner's job easier, created file server
capabilities, and generally improved the user-friendliness of the
program (Nickerson, 1992a).
Usenet News
Usenet News (often referred to as the News, or Netnews, is
another way to receive messages from a DG. Actually, Usenet is a
collection of DGs. Not all computers linked to the Internet
carry the News feed. But even if you are not affiliated with an
organization or institution, you could meet the criteria for
participating in News. According to Hahm and Stout, (1994),
there are three requirements to being a part of Usenet: 1) supply
a computer with enough storage to act as a local repository for
articles, 2) have someone act as system administrator, and 3)
find another Usenet site to connect to and with which you can
exchange articles. There are many computers that participate in
News that are not on the Internet. Along with these computers,
however, News travels across Bitnet and other Internet links.
There are even local, privately supported BBSs that provide
Usenet feeds.
The idea for News originally was to act as an electronic
bulletin board for the posting of news notices. Netnews was
started between Duke University and the University of North
Carolina in 1979. The 1980s and 1990s has seen an explosive
increase in the number of sites receiving and transmitting
Netnews now numbering in the tens of thousands with millions of
participants. Even with this significant number of users, each
site administrator is only responsible for his or her own site.
That is, Netnews has no central authority or management, unlike
the individual networks that make up the Internet. Rather than
articulated policies and central network administrators,
generally accepted standards have evolved for establishing and
conducting business on Netnews groups. The informal code of
conduct is called "netiquette." Most people learn these
conventions and follow them.
Finally, if there is no central coordinating function, how
are messages distributed? They are passed from one machine to
another until all sites that participate have received the
message. This can take from minutes to days depending on many
factors including proximity of senders and receivers.
Either Way Works
It should be noted that the differences between Usenet and
LISTSERV groups are becoming somewhat fuzzy. Many LISTSERV
groups are distributed to Usenet sites (a process known as
"gatewaying"). The advantage of this is that you will receive
all the posts as items on the newsgroup, just as they would be
mail messages to your account if you subscribed individually to
the mailing list. This gateway is usually two-way, so you can
send or reply to posts in the discussion from the Usenet system.
Whether you subscribe individually to a DG, or get it as
News, is really personal preference. While receiving posts as
mail may be up to a few hours quicker than news, mail stays in
personal mailboxes until it is deleted whereas news items are
deleted from the common storage area automatically, (usually
after a few days). Some mail programs are more flexible than
newsreaders, yet using a newsreader does not necessitate posts
being mixed with your regular mail. Perhaps the biggest advantage
to using a newsreader to the user is that you can often see the
threads easier and read them in order compared to individual
mail, (Levine & Baroudi, 1993). If you find there isn't any
significant difference to you whether you receive DG posts as
mail or as Usenet items, then please access them as Usenet. This
will reduce the number of messages going across the worldwide
networks. The more people reduce the congestion on the Internet
in general, the faster the system will remain for everyone.
Moderated vs. Unmoderated Discussion Groups
Some DGs are moderated, so, instead of your posting being
sent directly to the list, it is send to the list's moderator.
The moderator's role(s) can vary with the particular list. I
have listed elsewhere (Berge, 1992) the roles that the moderator
may take:
Facilitator - (keeps list "on track"; group leader)
Manager - administrator, archiving, deleting/adding
subscribers
Filter - deciding upon on-topic posts; increasing
signal/noise ratio; deleting or returning libelous
posts; may delete jokes
Expert - answering Frequently Asked Questions; expert in the
list's field, for example a manufacturer's
representative
Editor - text editor, digest posts, format posts
Promoter - asks questions of the list subscribers to promote
discussion
Marketer - promotes/explains list to potential subscribers
Helper - helps people with needs -- more general than expert
Firefighter - takes "flames" or ad hominem attacks offline
It is hard to imagine a moderated DG in which the moderator
does not do some filtering. Listowners or the list membership
make explicit, to varying degrees, the topics that are and are
not the focus of a particular DG. Regardless of the level of
explicitness, eventually there is judgment used by the moderator
in determining what is and is not "on-topic." Moderation helps
the list stay focused and reduces flames, commercial messages,
messages concerning administrative matter mistakenly sent to the
list address instead of to the listserver, and other
inappropriate posts. On the downside, moderating a high volume
list with hundreds or thousands of subscribers, does take a good
deal of time for the moderator(s) to maintain a well-run list.
Many active moderators face periodic challenges over issues of
censorship from those who mistakenly believe that other people's
resources can be used to say anything to anyone at any time.
HOW TO USE LISTSERV-TYPE DISCUSSION GROUPS
Mail readers and systems vary from site to site and among
computer system platforms. One of the best things that anyone
who is new to discussion groups can do for themselves is ask the
persons in charge of providing their site's systems support for
LISTSERV-type DGs (and Usenet newsgroups) for any documentation
that is available specific to the specific system you will be
using. Often academic computer centers will offer courses in
email which may include accessing DGs--ASK.
How to Find a Group with Your Interest
One of the quickest ways to get a sense of what lists are
available is to request the information from LISTSERV itself.
The command LISTSERV needs is LIST GLOBAL. This command can be
sent interactively from BITNET connected systems. The other way
is to send email to LISTSERV@, (e.g.,
LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU), with the one line body of the
message:
LIST GLOBAL
[Note: Commands to LISTSERV don't need subject lines.]
Sometimes LISTSERV will come back and say that you need to send
that command to a backbone, i.e., higher level, node. You will
receive the file LISTSERV.LISTS which is a one line description
of each list known to LISTSERV. Beware: LISTSERV will mail to
you a one line description of each of the 4000 lists. This makes
for a big file which may or may not fit into your mailbox or
space allocation in your computer account.
Another way is to explore the List Of Lists that is a fairly
complete listing of Internet DGs. One way to get it is to send
an email message to MAIL-SERVER@NISC.SRI.COM which has the one
line command:
SEND NETINFO/INTEREST-GROUPS
Or, if you have Gopher capabilities (see Collins this issue), you
can search Gopherspace for "List of Lists."
However, these methods give you a list of all 4000+ lists in
alphabetical order. This may give you a sense of things, but if
you want to find lists on a specific topic, you will need to find
a more efficient way of searching (see the description of
database searching below for one way to search for particular
lists.)
Another way to find DGs that may be of interest to you is to
ask friends and colleagues for suggestions. As discussed below,
subscribing and unsubscribing from LISTSERV groups is generally
an uncomplicated matter. You can sign on, listen/read awhile,
then decide to stay or unsubscribe. A few lists do require that
the moderator add your name, or there are criteria to be met for
membership. This is often explained in the first message you get
back from LISTSERV. As explained above, subscribe and
unsubscribe notes go directly to the listserver address, not the
address of the list distribution itself.
How to Subscribe and Unsubscribe to a List
You can get a list of the most common LISTSERV commands by
sending the HELP command to any LISTSERV. There are two
addresses you need to be familiar with when interacting with
LISTSERV DGs. One is the address where the LISTSERV program
resides, the other is of the discussion list itself. One
LISTSERV program may actually manage several lists so when
sending a command to LISTSERV you must remember to include the
name of the list to which you are referring.
The LISTSERV program that manages IPCT-L is on the IBM
mainframe at Georgetown University. Its address is
LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU. The list's address is IPCT-
L@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU. To subscribe to a list, send the
SUBSCRIBE command to the list's LISTSERV host with the name of
the list and your name: subscribe listname yourfirstname
yourlastname. For example to subscribe to IPCT-L at node
GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU, I would send the following command to
LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU:
SUBSCRIBE IPCT-L Zane Berge
I would be automatically added to the list, and a message would
be sent to me by LISTSERV confirming my subscription. Similarly,
to unsubscribe, you would send the following one line command
interactively or via email to the same LISTSERV:
SIGNOFF IPCT-L
As you become a more proficient user of Lists, there are a couple
other commands that will be helpful to you such as REVIEW, INDEX,
and SET. For a more complete listing of these commands send HELP
to LISTSERV.
After you have found and subscribed to a dozen or so lists,
suppose you are going on vacation. If one or several of these
lists has moderate or high volume, facing the prospect of
returning to your computer and finding hundreds or thousands of
posts in your mailbox, provided you have the diskspace allocation
to receive them, is not a pleasant thought. You could
unsubscribe to all the lists, or you could set your subscription
options to NOMAIL for the lists (at least the high volume lists)
with the SET command. When you return, you can then send the SET
these lists to MAIL again.
To do this, send "SET NOMAIL ," interactively or in
email, to the LISTSERV. For IPCT-L you would say "SET IPCT-L
NOMAIL." On your return or when you want to start receiving mail
again, you can send the "SET MAIL" command, (e.g., SET IPCT-L
MAIL).
Sending/Reply to Messages to Discussion Groups
Sending a new post, or replying to someone else's post from
a DG, is as simple as sending or replying to any other email.
The only warning is to make sure you send or reply to the list's
address when you want everyone on the list to read it. If you
want to reply privately to the author of a post, make sure you
are sending your message to his/her private address and not the
list. If you want to send commands to LISTSERV, then make sure
that you are sending them to the appropriate LISTSERV address
rather than to the list's address.
HOW TO RETRIEVE AND SEARCH LISTSERV FILESERVER AND ARCHIVES
Fileservers
LISTSERV can function as a very powerful file-server. The
file-server functions allow listowners to archive useful files or
programs for subscribers to retrieve using a GET command. This
retrieval can be done interactively if the computer system you
are using has that capability. (Check with your sysop for a
BITNET connection.) Depending upon your systems software, the
message would take on the syntax something like this VAX/VMS
command which will retrieve the Table of Contents for volume 1
number 4 of Interpersonal Computing and Technology: An Electronic
Journal for the 21st Century, (Note: to receive an index listing
of the files archived on a particular node, send the command
INDEX to that LISTSERV. The file LISTSERV.FILELIST will be sent
to you):
SEND LISTSERV@GUVM "GET CONTENTS.IPCTV1N4"
If your local computer system does not allow for interactive
commands, you could send the GET command above in the body of a
mail message to LISTSERV@GUVM or LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU and
the files would be sent to you via email.
Database Searching
Another very useful feature of LISTSERV is its database
searching capabilities. Earlier I said that if you wanted to
search more efficiently for lists which pertain to your specific
interests, you could use the database search function instead of
looking through all the lists available. North Dakota runs three
lists you will find useful: LISTS, INTGROUP (for interest
groups), and NEW-LIST. Most lists are first announced on NEW-
LIST. So, if you search the NEW-LIST archives you can often find
the information you will need to subscribe to the lists dealing
with your special interests. For example, suppose you are
interested in distance education. You could send the following
database job in the body of an email message addressed to
LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU:
//DBlook JOB Echo=No
Database Search DD=Rules
//Rules DD *
Select distance education in lists
index
Select distance education in intgroup
index
Select distance education in new-list
index
/*
// EOJ
You are telling the LISTSERV program to search within the
three lists, LISTS, INTGROUP, and NEW-LIST for the entries with
the phrase "distance education" in their descriptions. The
"index" commands after each search has LISTSERV return a report
to you listing how many "hits" it finds (see Appendix A for the
results of the above search.)
Searching for Topics of Interest to You
Once you have identified a likely DG, you might search it
for a topic of interest to you. For instance, searching the
IPCT-L archives for discussion on electronic publishing (e-
publishing or epublishing or electronic publication, etc) might
take the form of the following search sent to
LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU:
//DBlook JOB Echo=No
Database Search DD=Rules
//Rules DD *
Select electronic publi in IPCT-L
index
Select e-publi in IPCT-L
index
Select epubli in IPCT-L
index
/*
// EOJ
Notice the truncation of the word "publishing;" this will return
with references to published, publisher, publish, publishing,
etc. The INDEX command lists out all the references by item
number.
Retrieving the Text You Want
The results sent back to you list 379 hits for "electronic
publi," (i.e., items found with the subject being searched), 94
for "e-publi," and 66 for "epubli." Suppose you then look though
the list that is sent to you from the above search, and you want
to retrieve the full text of several of them. You would send a
similar job to LISTSERV, but adding the "print" command. For
example, if you want to retrieve items 2986, 3665, 4279 and 4398
that were found in the "electronic publi" group, here is how the
job would look:
//DBlook JOB Echo=No
Database Search DD=Rules
//Rules DD *
Select electronic publi in IPCT-L
print 2986 3665 4279 4398
/*
// EOJ
Search Options
You can also search list archives in this same manner for
different options such "date," for example:
//DB JOB Echo=No
Database Search DD=Rules (f=mail
//Rules DD *
Search electronic publi in IPCT-L from july 93 to nov 93
Index
/*
// EOJ
There were 87 hits on this search. This is helpful if you are
interested in what was said during a specific period of time.
You may have had your subscription set to nomail, or have lost a
specific posting you found important. (Note: The "(f=mail"
syntax has the output sent to you as electronic mail instead of a
file.)
For a more comprehensive description of the database
functions, send the command INFO DATABASE to LISTSERV at the
nearest backbone node (e.g., LISTSERV@GWUVM). LISTSERV will
return the LISTDB.MEMO file to you.
HOW TO USE USENET DISCUSSION GROUPS
USENET news (or Netnews) is a huge bulletin board system
(BBS). Your site must subscribe to the news feed, and you should
check with site administrator for conditions specific to your
site. This means the administrator obtains a copy of the Usenet
software, and makes arrangements with neighboring sites to
exchange News articles. When a News article is posted, the
message is automatically sent to all the nodes that exchange with
that site, and the message is propagated throughout the Netnews
system.
Unlike mailing lists, subscribing and unsubscribing to
netnews does not involve interaction with the newsgroup, just
updating a local file to let the news reader program know
newsgroups to display when you login to netnews. Often a site
newsreader software will be menu driven. You have the option to
drop or add a group to your personal list when you are logged on
to netnews, usually from the top level menu.
Nickerson (1992b) explains that if your site administration
chooses not to carry News, there are alternatives. The file
CWIS.TXT (LIBSOFT directory) from hydra.uwo.ca lists campus wide
information systems that carry Usenet feeds. Also, there are
public access Unix systems, such as the WELL in San Francisco,
that will allow individuals access to Usenet for low or no fees
(anonymous FTP to hydra.uwo.ca and get file public_unix.txt in
the LIBSOFT directory). There are local BBSs, (such as FIDO),
that carry Usenet feeds, so you may check on those for access.
How to Find a Group with Your Interest
If your site subscribes to news.lists that should give you
the information you need to search for your interests.
Otherwise, you can ftp the list. One place to find this is by
anonymous ftp at ftp.uu.net in the uunet-info subdirectory as
file newsgroups.
Reading Only the News that Interests You
Every day across many sites, tens of thousands of messages
(called articles or postings) are received. The challenge is to
read those that interest you, and as importantly, not to read
those that don't interest you.
First of all, new newsgroups come online nearly daily. But
it is your option whether or not to subscribe to them. Secondly,
you can choose to not read any newsgroup(s) at any time. One of
the biggest advantages to receiving messages via Netnews, is that
you can scan the subject lines of all messages within a specific
time period, and skip over those that are not of interest to you
(e.g., a conference announcement that you have seen elsewhere; a
particular thread). Those you choose to skip will be
automatically deleted at some point, without you having to
specifically do so.
Again, there are lists on topics from antiquities
(sci.archaeology) to M*A*S*H (alt.tv.mash). One list,
news.announce.newusers contains articles that are meant for new
users to Network News. It may be worth your while to visit this
group if you are new to using Netnews.
There is a hierarchical classification structure to Usenet.
This is useful to sites and users in limiting information to that
which is wanted. Some typical top-level classifications include:
TOP LEVEL DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
alt alternative alt.astrology
bit gatewayed LISTSERV lists bit.listserv.ipct-l
comp computers comp.dcom.lns
misc miscellaneous misc.forsale.comp
news about netnews itself news.future
rec recreation rec.arts.movies
soc social soc.veterans
There other top-level classifications. There are also
newsgroups not distributed beyond a particular geographic
location, (e.g., DC.DINING in the Washington DC area).
How to Post Articles to Netnews Discussion Groups
Sending a new article to a newsgroup is similar to sending
an email letter to the list's address. (The hints about not
confusing the address for administrative messages with the one
used for postings to the Usenet group pertain here as well as to
LISTSERV lists.) The options on your newsreader for replying
(follow-up) or forwarding a post is similar to your regular mail
program. If you want to reply to the list regarding a message
you have just read, or forward it to someone, or reply to the
author of the message, you select those mailing options and you
enter the text editor to compose your message. As with all
messages to a discussion group, you should quote enough of the
original message so that readers can understand what you are
replying to, but quoting should be kept to a minimum--no one
wants to wade through screens of quotes that in most cases they
have already read once.
CONCLUSIONS
Electronic discussion groups will play an ever increasing
role within the information culture. Netgroups often serve as
powerful tools in the retrieval and exchanging of information,
bringing together persons with similar interests regardless of
geographic distance or the time constraints dictated by face-to-
face meetings.
References
Berge, Z. (1992). The role of the moderator in a Scholarly
Discussion Group (SDG). Electronic message posted to
Interpersonal Computing and Technology (IPCT-L@GUVM).
October 27, 1992. (Archived at LISTSERV@GUVM.GEORGETOWN.EDU)
Berge, Z. L. & Collins, M. P. (1993). Computer conferencing and
online education. The Arachnet Electronic Journal on
Virtual Culture. 1(3). (Archived at listserv@kentvm as
berge.v1n3)
Hahn, H. and Stout, R. (1994). The internet complete reference.
Berkeley, CA: Osborne McGraw-Hill.
Nickerson, G. (1992a). Networked Resources: Listservers.
Computer in Libraries pp: 13-18, March
Nickerson, G. (1992b). Networked Resources: Usenet. Computer in
Libraries 12(4) 31-34.
Levine, J. R. and Baroudi, C. (1993). The Internet for dummies.
Boston, MA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc.
Phillips, G. M. and Santoro, G. M. (1989). Teaching group
discussion via computer-mediated communication.
Communication Education; v38 n2 p151-61 April.
Appendix A
Output of Distance Education Search in LISTS, INTGROUP, and
NEW-LIST
Subject: File: "DATABASE OUTPUT"
To: BERGE@guvax.acc.georgetown.edu
> Select distance education in lists
--> Database LISTS, 23 hits.
> index
Ref# Listname Nodename #Sub List title
---- -------- -------- ---- ----------
0321 DECAD-L SEARN ??? DECAD - pilot course
0683 CREAD YORKVM1 179 Latin American and Caribbean Electronic
Distance Ed+
1145 DED-L UALTAVM 7 Distance Education
1718 ITEACH-L UNLVM 27 University of Nebraska Interactive
Project
1719 ASAT-EVA UNLVM 94 AG-SAT Distance Education Evaluation
Group
2032 TECMAT-L UBVM 9 Special Interest Group for Technology
in Secondary +
2772 IAPABOVE IUBVM 15 International Arctic Project POISON
FROM ABOVE
2773 IAPADV IUBVM 24 International Arctic Project Adventure
- Read Only +
2774 IAPCIRC IUBVM 17 International Arctic Project CIRCLES
AND CYCLES
2775 IAPEXPED IUBVM 105 International Arctic Project Expedition
[*** ITEMS DELETED ***]
3738 IAP-PLAN NDSUVM1 29 International Arctic Project Planning
3739 IAPCIRC NDSUVM1 20 International Arctic Project Student
Projects
3741 IAPEXPED NDSUVM1 39 International Arctic Project
Expeditions
3742 IAPWILD NDSUVM1 39 International Arctic Project Wildlife
3878 DEOS-L PSUVM 1326 DEOS-L - The Distance Education Online
Symposium
3879 DEOSNEWS PSUVM 1862 DEOSNEWS - The Distance Education
Online Symposium
4112 SCD333-L ICINECA ??? Students of Prof. Becchi (Venice) and
Prof. Galt (W+
> Select distance education in intgroup
--> Database INTGROUP, 3 hits.
> index
Item # Date Time Recs Subject
------ ---- ---- ---- -------
000221 92/09/09 00:00 52 DEOS-L on LISTSERV@PSUVM.BITNET
000256 92/09/09 00:00 43 EDISTA on LISTSERV@USACHVM1.BITNET
000492 92/09/09 00:00 35 JTIT-L@PSUVM.PSU.EDU
> Select distance education in new-list
--> Database NEW-LIST, 5 hits.
> index
Item # Date Time Recs Subject
------ ---- ---- ---- -------
000082 89/07/07 17:41 65 NEW LIST: KIDSNET - Forming a Global
Network for C+
000516 91/05/31 10:03 20 NEW LIST: DEOSNEWS, Distance Education
articles
000575 91/08/15 16:35 35 NEW LIST: JTIT-L Japanese Teachers and
Instruction+
000606 91/09/26 16:21 57 NEW LIST: DEOS-L Distance Education
discussions
000651 91/12/06 12:34 44 NEW LIST: EDISTA@USACHVM1 Distance
Education
i
APPENDIX B
Output of "electronic publi" from July 93 to Nov 93 in
IPCT-L
> Search electronic publi in IPCT-L from july 93 to nov 93
--> Database IPCT-L, 89 hits.
> Index
Item # Date Time Recs Subject
------ ---- ---- ---- -------
003638 93/07/04 07:13 177 Future Prospect of Videoconference via
Internet
003641 93/07/08 07:58 88 On-Line Congessional Hearing
003642 93/07/10 08:26 139 User Modelling 94: Call for Papers
003649 93/07/12 23:22 130 Internet Town Hall (fwd)
003662 93/07/16 23:48 79 Re: Freenets
003664 93/07/20 15:07 65 IPCT Journal Open Subscription List
003665 93/07/22 12:38 161 IPCT Journal Credibility/Reprint
Policy
003673 93/07/23 10:17 158 Re: A response to the dreamers
003693 93/07/28 09:54 184 Re: A response to the dreamers
003694 93/07/28 11:58 405 Sobering this "Sobering Perspective"
003700 93/07/28 12:09 132 Call for Authors, EJVC: Electronic
Journal on Virt+
003725 93/07/29 19:31 336 IPCT Journal v1n3 July 1993
003770 93/08/04 10:25 28 Editors Needed
*** ITEMS DELETED ***
004362 93/11/20 11:03 33 Indexing and Abstracting of IPCT
Journal
004363 93/11/20 12:37 119 Re: Proliferation of E-Publications
004365 93/11/20 15:59 246 Re: Proliferation of E-Publication
004367 93/11/20 20:39 66 Re: Proliferation of E-Publication
004369 93/11/20 20:42 25 Re: Proliferation of E-Publication
004373 93/11/21 16:49 37 Re: Proliferation of E-Publications
004376 93/11/21 16:54 35 Re: Proliferation of E-Publications
004378 93/11/21 21:15 89 Re: E-Journals
004379 93/11/21 21:17 30 Re: Proliferation of E-Publications
004380 93/11/21 21:20 42 Academic Credit for E-journal
Publications
004384 93/11/22 13:05 21 E-journal Compilation
004386 93/11/22 16:36 87 Consortium for Networked Publications
004388 93/11/22 21:15 20 Re: Proliferation of E-publications
004393 93/11/23 08:24 32 Re: Proliferation of E-publications
004398 93/11/24 14:49 63 Re: proliferation of E-publications
004399 93/11/24 14:50 54 Time Lag in E-Publications
004400 93/11/24 14:52 57 Re: proliferation of E-publications
004402 93/11/24 16:56 43 Re: Time lag in E-Publications
004404 93/11/24 16:59 27 Re: Proliferation of E-publications
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